7/25/2017 0 Comments Anschauen online Mr. Edison At Work In His Chemical Laboratory Deutsch mit deutschen Untertiteln 1440A Brief Biography of Thomas Alva Edison written by John D. Venable GODFATHER OF INDUSTRY “But the man whose clothes were always wrinkled, whose hair was always. Early Career. At age 12, Edison set out to put much of that education to work. He convinced his parents to let him sell newspapers to passengers along the Grand Trunk. Electric Pen Chronology (courtesy of The Edison Papers website) : Perforated stencil and autographic press copying system conceived. "We struck the idea. 1. HOW THEY WORK. LEDs create light by electroluminescence in a semiconductor material. Electroluminescence is the phenomenon of a material emitting. A collection of quotes from Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson). Using other people’s research or ideas without giving them due credit is plagiarism. Since BibMe™ makes it easy to create citations, build bibliographies and. TestAmerica is the leading environmental testing laboratory in the US, with over 80 locations delivering innovative technical expertise and analytical testing services. Incandescent light bulb - Wikipedia. A 2. 30- volt incandescent light bulb, with a "medium" sized E2. Edison 2. 7 mm) male screw base. The filament is visible as the horizontal line between the vertical supply wires. SEM image of a tungsten filament of incandescent light bulb. An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence). The filament, heated by passing an electric current through it, is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed- through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections. Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent lamp is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting. Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light,[1] with standard light bulbs averaging about 2. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 1. W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 1. W for some white LED lamps.[3] Some applications of the incandescent bulb (such as heat lamps) deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry,[4] heat lights for reptiletanks,[5]infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy- Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,0. LEDs. Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high- intensity discharge lamps, and light- emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia,[6]Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia,[7] have prohibited them already. History. In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel[8] list 2. Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable. Historian Thomas Hughes has attributed Edison's success to his development of an entire, integrated system of electric lighting. The lamp was a small component in his system of electric lighting, and no more critical to its effective functioning than the Edison Jumbo generator, the Edison main and feeder, and the parallel- distribution system. Other inventors with generators and incandescent lamps, and with comparable ingenuity and excellence, have long been forgotten because their creators did not preside over their introduction in a system of lighting.— Thomas P. Hughes, In Technology at the Turning Point, edited by W. B. Pickett[9][1. 0]Early pre- commercial research. Original carbon- filament bulb from Thomas Edison's shop in Menlo Park. In 1. 76. 1 Ebenezer Kinnersley demonstrated heating a wire to incandescence.[1. In 1. 80. 2, Humphry Davy used what he described as "a battery of immense size",[1. Royal Institution of Great Britain,[1. It was not bright enough nor did it last long enough to be practical, but it was the precedent behind the efforts of scores of experimenters over the next 7. Over the first three- quarters of the 1. Many of these devices were demonstrated and some were patented.[1. In 1. 83. 5, James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland. He stated that he could "read a book at a distance of one and a half feet". However, having perfected the device to his own satisfaction, he turned to the problem of wireless telegraphy and did not develop the electric light any further. His claims are not well documented, although he is credited in Challoner et al. Incandescent Light Bulb".[1. In 1. 83. 8, Belgian lithographer Marcellin Jobard invented an incandescent light bulb with a vacuum atmosphere using a carbon filament.[1. In 1. 84. 0, British scientist Warren de la Rue enclosed a coiled platinum filament in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it. The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although a workable design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use. In 1. 84. 1, Frederick de Moleyns of England was granted the first patent for an incandescent lamp, with a design using platinum wires contained within a vacuum bulb. He also used carbon.[1. In 1. 84. 5, American John W. Starr acquired a patent for his incandescent light bulb involving the use of carbon filaments.[2. He died shortly after obtaining the patent, and his invention was never produced commercially. Little else is known about him.[2. In 1. 85. 1, Jean Eugène Robert- Houdin publicly demonstrated incandescent light bulbs on his estate in Blois, France. His light bulbs are on display in the museum of the Château de Blois.[2. In 1. 87. 2, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed.[2. Later he lived in the US, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments,[2. Paris.[2. 7]Heinrich Göbel in 1. Judges of four courts raised doubts about the alleged Göbel anticipation, but there was never a decision in a final hearing due to the expiry date of Edison's patent. A research work published 2. Göbel lamps in the 1. On 2. 4 July 1. 87. Canadian patent was filed by Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans for a lamp consisting of carbon rods mounted in a nitrogen- filled glass cylinder. They were unsuccessful at commercializing their lamp, and sold rights to their patent (U. S. Patent 0,1. 81,6. Thomas Edison in 1. Commercialization. Dominance of carbon filament and vacuum. Carbon filament lamps, showing darkening of bulb. Joseph Swan (1. 82. British physicist and chemist. In 1. 85. 0, he began working with carbonized paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. By 1. 86. 0, he was able to demonstrate a working device but the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate supply of electricity resulted in a short lifetime for the bulb and an inefficient source of light. By the mid- 1. 87. Swan returned to his experiments.[3. Historical plaque at Underhill, the first house to be lit by electric lights. With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1. Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1. On 1. 8 December 1. Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 1. January 1. 87. 9. It was also shown to 7. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead- in wires. This bulb lasted about 4. Swan then turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' in the early 1. British Patent 4. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house, Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead, was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1. 87. 8 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1. 88. In 1. 88. 1, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.[3. The first street in the world to be lit by an incandescent lightbulb was Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. It was lit by Joseph Swan's incandescent lamp on 3 February 1. Edison carbon filament lamps, early 1. Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 1. October 1. 87. 8.[3. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1. Edison returned to a carbon filament.[4. Edison’s Electric Pen. To see the electric pen in the context. Early. Office Museum site. Edison Electric Pen Registry Several on- line and print sources have stated that as many as sixty thousand electric pens were produced (a number also quoted by the Smithsonian Institution, although this Smithsonian page cites no source), but it’s likely that this quantity is far too high. The earliest source I have found for this number is an 1. J. B. Mc. Clure, "Edison and his Inventions" (right), which describes ".. I suspect that this number came from Edison’s publicity machine. The 6. 0,0. 00 number was also reported by Edison's assistant Francis Jehl in his 1. Menlo Park Reminiscences" Vol. However, Jehl would have had no direct knowledge of the production and distribution of the pen during his association with Edison, and writing sixty years after the fact he was almost certainly just quoting the publicized number. The digital edition of the Edison Papers has numerous documents regarding the electric pen, but no list of serial numbers, nor overall information on quantities made. The highest known serial number on a surviving electric pen is 8. Further, an analysis of royalty statements found in the Edison Papers accounts for fewer than 4,0. An 1. 87. 6 electric pen instruction manual, the cover of which refers to the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (running from 1. May through 1. 0 November), lists users such as the New York Herald, Mutual Life Ins. Co., New York Central R. R., New York Post Office, and many other large companies, and notes "And 1. Another manual from that same year amends this to "2. But on 2. 7 December 1. Charles Batchelor, who was responsible for the duplicating business, wrote: "Up to this date we have sold (2. D7. 60. 7B1] These early users were supplied with pens and duplicating presses produced by John Ott, succeeded by Ezra Gilliland, both working under contract out of Edison’s own facilities in New Jersey. Gilliland continued to make the equipment at Menlo Park until manufacturing was transferred to Western Electric in Chicago at the end of 1. A letter of 1. 0 February 1. Edison from George Bliss, who signs himself "General Agent" of the Western Electric company of Chicago (at that time the manufacturer and domestic sales agent for the electric pen) notes: "The Western Electric are rapidly increasing their capacity, which I hope for months to come, beginning with March 1st, will be at least two hundred pens per month". But further communications from Bliss regarding production problems and late deliveries from Western Electric make it doubtful that this number was ever met, and this is confirmed by royalty payments recorded in Edison’s ledgers. D7. 71. 1B]A letter to Thomas Edison dated Dec 6th, 1. George Bliss, who is now "General Manager" of Edison’s Electric Pen and Multiplying Press company of Chicago, shows Bliss to be alarmed: "I notice by the papers that you are adapting the Typewriter for the preparation of stencils so as to supercede the use of the electric pen. I can scarcely believe this to be possible and shall be glad to have you advise me what the facts are". D7. 82. 2ZCD]These documents indicate that perhaps no more than a thousand duplicating outfits (each including an electric pen) were being sold per year even at the peak of sales activity in the three years following the pen’s invention, and that by the end of 1. By 1. 88. 0, there were also many other competing duplicating systems. This production volume information, the analysis of royalty statements mentioned above, and the serial number evidence make it likely that fewer than 1. Even Western Electric itself, in an February 1. Pens now in Use,” and that number was almost certainly inflated. If you know of an electric pen not on the list below, I’d appreciate receiving its serial number. Pen locations will be listed as "private collection"; if the pen is in a public collection, I’d like to be able to list the location, although it’s not essential. Please email me with any information, or feel free to forward my email address to anyone who might be able to help with my research. Serial Number. Patent Number. Patent Date Location. Notes. None Science Museum, London. Presented by Edison to the V& A in 1. Item 1. 44. 1 in the 1. None. XXThomas A. Edison Birthplace Museum, Milan, Ohio None. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan. Pen is disassembled None. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan. Object 0. 0. 1. 38. See also 0. 0. 2. None. Edison National Historic Site, West Orange, New Jersey None. National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC None. XXPrivate Collection (two pens) With battery and stand None. XXPrivate Collection, NYHas original ink roller. None. XXPrivate Collection. Shaft has slightly bulbous tip. XXOregon Museum of Science and Industry. Missing pen shaft and needle. XXSold by Skinner, Inc., Bolton, Massachusetts, 2. Private Collection, NYSmooth shaft. Made prior to the issue of the patent on 8 August 1. Sold by Skinner, Inc., Bolton, Massachusetts, 2. XPrivate Collection, NYHas original stand. XPrivate Collection Has original box, with serial number 3. XPrivate Collection 4. XSold by Christie’s, South Kensington, 2. XOld School Irons / Motor City Tattoo Museum. Shaft nut is marked "E. W. Co. Ltd." and "6. The Electric Writing Company, London, was the UK patent owner. Sold on e. Bay, November 2. Musée EDF Electropolis, Mulhouse, France. Includes partial box and French language literature 4. XTriangle Tattoo, Fort Bragg, California. Shown on their website. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan 4. Manchester Tattoo Museum, England 4. XPrivate Collection 5. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan. Object #0. 0. 1. 38. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan 5. Sold at the Owls Head Transportation Museum Technology Auction, 1. Private Collection, Ohio 5. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan Object #2. XPrivate Collection, NY 6. XPrivate Collection, Australiae. Bay, July 2. 00. 9; seller in France. XOffered on e. Bay May 2. Sold on e. Bay June 2. Seller in Spain. 67. XBristol Tattoo Club Museum 6. XSold by Skinner, Inc., Bolton, Massachusetts, 1. SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention. Also has battery. Photos 1, 2, 3. 70. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan 8. XPrivate Collection 8. XRandy B. in Oregon. Has original Western Electric Company manual. XPrivate Collection 8. XEdison & Ford Winter Estates Museum. Fort Myers, Florida. From Charles Edison’s collection; he apparently purchased the pen as part of the Ward Harris Collection of Edison material. It’s possible that the pen has been restored, as the coil cover material appears to be new. The Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan Object #0. XOffered on e. Bay, June 2. XCesare Lombroso Museum of Criminal Anthropology at the University of Torino, Italy Document images courtesy of The Edison Papers website.
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